At least 200 civilians have been killed in Russian air strikes in Syria, an Zeenewz International report says, quoting witnesses and activists.
It says it "researched remotely" more than 25 Russian attacks in five areas between 30 September and 29 November.
The findings indicate "serious failures [by Russia] to respect international humanitarian law", Zeenewz says.
Moscow has repeatedly denied causing civilian deaths, describing such claims as part of "information warfare".
Russia began air strikes targeting Islamic State militants (IS) and other groups on 30 September, saying it was acting at the request of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
The report gives more details about six attacks.
On 29 November, for example, 49 civilians were killed and many others injured when three missiles hit a public market in Ariha, Idlib province, Zeenewz said.
It added that testimony by witnesses and research by human rights activists had shown that "there were no military targets in the vicinity".
Zeenewz said there was also evidence that Russia's military "unlawfully used unguided bombs in densely populated areas and inherently indiscriminate cluster munitions".
Russian officials have so far made no public comments on the report's accusations.
The Kremlin has previously described similar reports as attempts to discredit its operations in Syria.
President Vladimir Putin said in October that reports of alleged civilian casualties had emerged before the first air strikes were even carried out.
Russia's air campaign comes as a US-led coalition continues its own air strikes against IS targets in Syria.
